Regarding to problems of digestible protein, metabolizable protein (MP) is offered. This system is based on microbial protein and undegraded protein in the rumen that is digestible in the small intestine. In order to determine of degradable protein in the rumen, ruminal undegradable protein and metabolizable protein of fish meal and cottonseed meal using crude protein degradability coefficients by in situ and ADIN data based on AFRC equation this experiment was designed. Three castrated sheep (49±2.6 kg) was used.the equation of P=a+b (1-e-ct) was used for estimating of CP degradabilities coefficients. The MP of fish meal and cottonseed meal was achieved 39.67 and 23.21 g/kgDM.

This study was carried out to determine rapeseed meal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation characteristics by using nylon bags and SDS-PAGE techniques. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between the effective rumen degradability values of untreated and roasted rapeseed meal CP at different rumen outflow rates. The rumen degradability of untreoted and treated rapeseed meal DM and CP at ruminal outflow rate of 0.05/h were 83.3 and 71.4 % for DM, 82.7 and 68.3% for CP, respectively. From the slab gel analysis, rapeseed meal proteins were composed of two major components napin and cruciferin, accounting for approximately 18.8 and 52.9 percent of the total meal protein, respectively. Both proteins were multisubunits. The molecular weights of 32.0, 26.8, 21.1, 20.5 KDa for cruciferin subunits and 8.5, 10.8 KDa for napin subunits were observed in this trial. Electrophoretic and densitometric analysis of untreated rapeseed meal protein residues revealed that napin subunits were degraded completely within 2 h, whereas the four subunits of cruciferin were not degraded after 48 h incubation. In roasted rapeseed meal, napin subunits were resistant untilll2 h incubation. The four subunits of cruciferin were more resistant to degradation. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between crude protein digestibility of untreated and roasted rapeseed meal. Crude protein digestibility of untreated rapeseed meal at 0,8, 12and 24 h incubation were 65.32, 73.28, 73.50,75.30 percent and for roasted rapeseed meal were 66.28, 71.38, 73.12, 75.50 percent. In conclusion, SDS-PAGE indicated that four subunits of cruciferin when untreated rapeseed protein, wheareas two subunits of napin and four subunits of cruciferin when roasted rapeseed protein are fed to ruminants, make the bulk of escaped protein.

In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black seed meal and 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal and without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

Background and objectives: The use of bio-waste in animal feed reduces feed costs. In addition, their application reduces environmental pollution caused by the disposal of this waste. Feather makes up about 10% of a bird's weight. The 90% of full weight contains keratin, which is rich in the serine amino acids cysteine, glycine, alanine, and threonine. The strength of fibrous protein is due to its high hydrogen, disulfide bonds, and low hydrophilicity, which makes keratin insoluble and stable against degradation by enzymes such as trypsin and pepsin. Although the poultry industry in the country is expanding day today, there are no plans to process and return this valuable product to the production cycle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was evaluation the effect of ozone gas processing on the nutritional value of feather meal in ruminant nutrition using in vitro and in situ nylon bags techniques. Materials and methods: To process the feather meal with ozone gas, a reactor was designed and built with a capacity of withstanding the pressure of 2 bars. The processing reactor was a double-walled steel tank with a steel surface with a capacity of 1 kg. An ozone generator with a capacity of ten grams of ozone per hour was connected to it and an oxygen capsule was used to supply the oxygen needed by the device and also to increase the pressure inside the reactor. Experimental treatments include: control (without processing), ozone-processed feather meal in 30 minutes, ozone-processed feather meal in 60 minutes, ozone-processed feather meal in 90 minutes, and ozone-processed feather meal in 180 minutes. To determine the degradability coefficients of dry matter, three fistulated Holstein male steers were used to prepare and incubate the samples in situ within the rumen. To determine the effect of processing on the amount of gas produced in the laboratory, the pressure of the produced gas was determined in three separate cycles and three repetitions per sample in each run. A randomized complete block design (livestock effect as a block) was used to evaluate the data related to degradability. Results: Feather meal dry matter under the influence of ozone gas showed a significant decrease in treatments of 60, 90, and 180 minutes (P <0. 05). The amount of ether extract under the influence of ozone gas processing significantly increased in treatments 60, 90, and 180 minutes (P<0. 05). The amount of crude protein in the treatment of 180 minutes showed a significant increase compared to the control (P <0. 05), however, no significant difference was observed in other treatments. The highest amount of crude protein was observed in the treatment of 180 minutes (79. 35%) and the lowest amount was observed in the control treatment (78. 46%). The amount of ash was not affected by the ozone treatment. Ozone gas processing increased the amount of gas production (P <0. 05). The gas production of the insoluble part showed a significant increase in all processing times compared to the control (P <0. 05). The decomposition rate constant showed a significant decrease in the 180-minute treatment (P <0. 05). There was a significant increase in methane production volume and dry matter digestibility of all treatments (P<0. 05). The highest amount of methane production was observed in the treatment of 180 minutes (16. 48). The pH value was not significant. The protozoan population in 90 and 180 min treatments showed a significant increase compared to the control (P <0. 05). Dry matter degradability showed a significant increase in all treatments (P <0. 05). The highest amount of dry matter degradability was observed at 96 hours in 180 minutes’ treatment (48. 05%) and the lowest amount was observed in the control treatment (32. 42%). The insoluble part showed a significant increase with increasing frequency (P <0. 05). Effective degradability in all passage rate constants showed a significant increase with increasing processing time (P <0. 05(. Conclusion: According to the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that processing feather meal using ozone increases its dry matter degradability and nutritional value. Future studies are needed to increase the processing time and use of oxygen in the air.

In order to study the effects of partial replacement of cottonseed meal for fish meal on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) performance and also effect of Ferosulfate to neutralize gossypol poisonousness in cottonseed meal, 7 replacement levels (0, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 percent) of meal with and without Ferosulfate were considered and compared at a basic design of completely randomized by factorial experiment (2´7). 840 pcs fish the average body weight of fish were100±5 gr, distributed equally in 42 pens and experiment was continued for ten weeks. Body weight and condition factor (CF) were measured every 2 weeks after 2 weeks of acclimatization. Feed cost per a kilo of fish producing, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) were measured at the end of trial. No mortality resulting of experimental treatment was observed during the trial. The results showed that there was no significant difference between results of replacement of cottonseed meal for fish meal at the same levels (specially %20) and control diet (without cottonseed) (p>0.05). After control diet, %20 replacement had the best results. It is probably due to suitable balance of essential amino acids in the ration. In general, adding the Ferosulfate to cottonseed meal diets caused no significant improvement in fish performance .This results showed that the level of gossypol in cottonseed meal used was low. Of course addition of Ferosulfate with high levels of cottonseed meal had desired controlling effect on gossypol. However, high levels of cottonseed meal (specially %40) caused more significant decrease on attributes measured than control diet .According to these results, it seems that lower efficiency of diets high in cottonseed meal isn’t completely result of undesired effects of gossypol. Other reasons for low efficiency of diet high in cottonseed meal in this experiment may be due to the followings: lack of balance between essential amino acid, specially lysine, decreased palatability and subsequently decreased fish appetite, and as a result wasting of some received dietary and increased dietary crud fiber content.

The following steps were used to evaluate the amount of free gossypol in cottonseed meal (CSM) samples of Khorasan province. Samples of (1-2 kilograms of) CSM were taken from three oil extraction factories in Nyshabor and one in Mashhad. Mashhad cottonseed meal (MCSM) had more crude proteion (%29.3) and less crude fiber (%22.5) than others, therefore this meal was used to study the broiler chicken performance. Total and free gossypol content of CSM samples were determined by HPLC. For determining the effect of dihydrated fero-sulfate (DFS) in lowering free gossypol the following treatments were used in the lab: 1 - Control MCSM. (with zero DFS) 2 - MCSM with added DFS (as equal amount of free gossypol) 3 - MCSM with added DFS (as equal amount of total gossypol). The broiler performance were studied by a factorially arranged (3 x 4) completely randomized design experiment consisting of four levels of MCSM (0,5,10 and 20% of diet) and three levels of DFS (zero, equal to free gossypol and equal to total gossypol). All the nutrients density based on metabolizable energy were the same in all treatments. Each treatment was consisted of 6 replicates of 8 day-old broiler chickens. Free and total gossypol in Mashhad cotton seed sample were determined to be 0.023% and 0.077% respectively. Addition of DFS equal to free gossypol, lowered free gossypol to %0.0001 and addition of DFS to total gossypol lowered free gossypol to zero. Different levels of DFS and MCSM did not have any significant effect on daily feed intake, live weight weight gain, feed conversion and mortality of broiler chickens up to 56 days of age (P>0.05).

This experiment carried out in order to determine the ruminal disappearance rate of ten feedstuffs used in ruminant diet and to determine the best ruminal digestive model using mobile nylon bag technique. Feedstuffs were corn grain, barley grain, corn silage, alfalfa hay, whole barley hay, cotton seed meal, soybean meal, meat meal, fish meal and wheat bran. The nylon bags containing each feedstuff were in duplicate for 0,2,4,8,12,24,48 and 96 h in three steers fitted with rumen fistula. In order to determine the disappearance rates in 0 h , samples were washed by cold water. Disappearance rates of dry matter and crude protein determined by calculating of rate of their weight loss. Using completely randomized design the statistical comparing of disappearance rates of dry matter and crude protein of feedstuffs in three studied groups (energy, protein and forage sources) carried out. Disappearance rates of dry matter and crude protein in 0 h in each of the three sources had significantly differences(p<0.05) and disappearance rate of dry matter and crude protein of feedstuffs in 96 h in each of protein and forage sources had significantly differences but in energy sources had not significantly differences. The best ruminal model for determining disappearance rate constants of dry matter and crudeprotein of feedstuffs was: IR (t) =Di. exp(-kd.t)+ I0 which IR (t),Di, kd,t and I0 were insoluble residue at any time t ,potentially digestible fraction at any time disappearance rate constant, time and indigestible residue respectively. Dry matter fractional rate constant of digestion (kd) in ruminal digestive models for corn grain, barley grain, corn silage, alfalfa hay, barley hay, cottonseed meal, meat meal, fish meal, wheat bran and soybean meal were :4, 15,6,9,15,26,32, 10,4 and 5.9 % / h respectively, and indigestible fraction (residue) of dry matter were: 25, 183, 364, 401, 6/341, 633, 608, 208.3, 450 and 133 g.kg-1 respectively. Crude protein fractional rate constants of digestion (kd) in ruminal digestive models for corn grain, barley grain, corn silage, alfalfa hay, barley hay, cottonseed meal, meat meal, fish meal , wheat bran and soybean meal were: 0.2, 17,0.4, 14, 18,24,35, 14,69 and 2.8 % / h respectively, and indigestible fraction (residue) of crude protein were: 0,30.02,0,69.6, 13.2,266.5, 435,37.92, 103.15 and 69.72 mg, respectively.    

This experiment was conducted to study three types of Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder brands with product Shyzr Gloshad Mashhad Food Industries (WP1), whey powder brand Nasr Dalia (WP2) and whey powder product Khorasan Pegah (WP3 ) with 2 Holstein male calves with Ruminal fistula. first, The chemical properties include: moisture, ash, fat, lactose and protein were measured. Later, using Tris buffer samples were extracted proteins and the extracted proteins were determined electrophoresis. For nylon bag technique, the amounts of 5 gram of whey powder samples were placed inside the bag. Incubation times were: 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Gel electrophoresis showed that the major protein in whey powder consisted of β-lactoglobulin. lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin. These proteins are respectively 50, 20, 10 and 10 percent of total whey proteins in powder form nylon bag Results showed that at 0, 2, 4 and 48 hours incubation, WP1 and WP2 and 72 hours incubation, WP2 highest amount of protein degradability (p<0. 05). At the same time, results also showed that WP1 the highest of soluble protein amount and WP2 highest of protein effective degradability in rumen (p<0. 05). It is also, WP1 and WP2 samples had the highest rate of degradability in 0. 20 per hour (p<0. 05). This study showed the highest effective Ruminal degradability of protein whey powder samples related to WP2, WP1, respectively.

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated by using chromic oxide in the diet as an indigestible marker to evaluate the Iranian Cottonseed meal (CSMP). Then, the nutritional value of cottonseed meal (CSM) as soybean meal (SBM) substitute in quality low cost rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ration was investigated. In this study, six formulated feeds consisting different levels of CSMP (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) substitution of SBM were fed to a total of 540 rainbow trout with initial mean body weight of 50 ± 5 g. Fish were randomly stocked into eighteen 100L fiberglass tanks with 30 fish per tank and 3 tanks per diet and fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day and 7 days per week for 60 days. The ADC of CSMP and SBM were measured as of dry matter, 62.7 and 69.2%; crude protein, 82.4 and 87.3%; fat, 66.6 and 78.5%, respectively. After an 8 week feeding trial, the average weight gain of fish fed with diets 1 to 6 was: 100.6, 102, 102.9, 103.3, 103.9, and 103.4g, respectively. Average feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed diets 1 to 6 was measured as of 1.28, 1.31, 1.31, 1.27, 1.29, and 1.25, respectively. For all six treatments, the survival percentage was more than 99%. ADC value for most nutrients of CSMP was different from those of SBM. Weight gain, specific growth ratio (SGR), daily weight gain (DWG) and survival rate were not significantly different (P>0.05) for fish fed with CSMP diets compared to the control diet but the differences of FCR were significant among different diets (P<0.05). In the feasibility study, complete replacement of SBM by CSMP revealed to be economic and based on the gossypol analysis, total gossypol levels was not observed for toxicity on liver of fish fed by CSMP, indicating the possibility of total replacement of SBM by CSMP in rainbow trout fed formulations.

Introduction: This study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds of Pistacia atlantica leaf at different stages of growth. Intestinal digestibility of determined by nylon bags method. Materials and Methods: In order to prepare experimental treatments, Pistacia atlantica leaf (PAL) were collected and dried in three stages (early growing season, mid and end of growing season) from foothills of the around the city of Birjand. The treatments were: 1. PAL in early growing season, 2. PAL in middle of growing season, and 3. PAL at the end of growing season. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was determined. The total amount of phenolic compounds was measured. The total amount of tannins was obtained by calculating the difference between before and after the reaction with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). Condensed tannin was measured. Antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picaril hydrazil (DPPH). To investigate nutritional value of Pistacia atlantica leaf (PAL) by nylon bags method, two Holstein cows fitted with a flexible rumen fistula, fed forage and concentrate in total mixed ration (TMR) at maintenance level twice daily. To determine degradability coefficients, 5 g of DM of PAL sample (ground using 2 mm screen mill) were placed in individual polyester bags and feed samples were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. Also, ruminal and post ruminal digestibility were determined with the incubation of samples for 16 hours in the rumen by Daisy system. Results and Discussion: The results showed with the advance stage of growth increased, percentage of dry matter, Ash, NDF and ADF. The highest amount of dry matter belonged to the end of the growing season (49. 41%) and the lowest was related to the beginning of the growing season (19. 51%). The highest amount of crude protein observed at the first stage (early growth) (16. 41%) and the lowest at the end of the growing season (P<0. 05). With the advancement of the growth stage, the percentage of NDF and ADF was increased (P <0. 05). The highest average crude fat was related to the second stage (5. 62%) and the lowest average was observed in the first stage (1. 82%). The highest average ash was related to the end of growing season (7. 27%) and the lowest average was observed in the first stage (5. 58%). The highest antioxidant and phenolic compounds was observed in the early stages of growth, this amount decreased in the third stage. The most unsaturated fatty acids of this oil were linolenic acid (26. 54%), linoleic acid (10. 88%) and oleic acid (12. 5%). Also the most saturated fatty acid of this oil was palmitic acid (18. 02%). Pistacia leaf oil used in the experiment was contain a 44. 85 % saturated fatty acids, 17. 83 % unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond, 10. 88 % unsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds and 26. 54 % unsaturated fatty acids with three double bonds. With increasing incubation time degradability of dry matter and crude protein increased. The rapid part degradation of the dry matter was 28. 33% and its effective degradation at the passage rates of 0. 04, 0. 06 and 0. 08 was 48. 29, 43. 39 and 40. 40% respectively. The lowest constant degradation rate (c) was found for crude protein (0. 0137). Most effective degradability was observed in 4% pass rate. The effective degradation rate was reduced by increasing the pass rate. Ruminal digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was higher than digestibility of post-ruminal. Overall, the digestibility of dry matter in the total digestive tract was higher than crude protein digestibility. This is due to the high rumen digestibility of dry matter compared with the digestibility of crude protein. Conclusions: Based upon the present research it is concluded that Pistacia atlantica leaf has good degradability. It has high nutritional value and compatible or even is a good alternative to conventional feed ingredients in livestock feed. Also, Pistacia atlantica leaf is rich in phenolic compounds and antioxidant, and it can be used as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. Due to having about 55. 25 percent unsaturated fatty acids, it has a high nutritional value and could be used in livestock diets in order to enrich and enhance oxidative stability of animal products.